Obedience and Conformity Essay - 508 Words

Obedience and Conformity Both obedience and conformity involve social pressure in obedience the pressure comes from behaving as you are instructed to do; whereas in conformity the pressure comes from group norms Behaviour in obedience is determined by social power, whereas in conformity it is influenced mostly by the need for acceptance. In nearly all societies, certain people are given power and authority over others. Our society, for example, parents, teachers, and managers are invested with various degrees of authority. Most of the time, this does not cause any problems. The issue of why some†¦show more content†¦Such people are most likely to be obedient (and most likely also to be prejudiced). Milgrams (1974) hypothesised if people were asked by a person in authority to do something that they think is wrong what would happen? To work out how far most people are willing to go in their obedience to authority. Milgram had participants give false electric shocks, to others. If they were unwilling to continue the person in authority would reply it is essential that you should continue and they continued, one participant carried on even when he thought he and killed the recipient. Behaviour such as this Milgram called The Agentic State. Hence, they cease to act according to their consciences. The attitude of those in this state is as follows: I am not responsible, I act as I do because I was ordered to do it! Unquestioning obedience to authority may have catastrophic consequences as history has shown us with Adolf Hitler in the Second World War. Adolf Hitler whos ethnocentrism and prejudice towards anyone or thing that was not of the superior German race had to be destroyed in the name of Nazism [totalitarianism]. After the war Adolf Eichmann, who was found guilty of having played a major role in ordering the deaths of millions of Jews, following a decade of persecution. Imprisonment, and genocide, such as those who had survived TheShow MoreRelatedConformity and Obedience1770 Words   |  8 PagesConformity and Obedience Assignment In this assignment I intend to evaluate Stanley Milgrams studies of obedience and in particular the ethical issues broken. I hope to determine whether the knowledge gained justifies his experiments. After the destruction and atrocities committed in World War II many historians argued that there must be some sort of character defect that made the German people more obedient. Mailgram’s study was an attempt to test ‘the Germans are different’ hypothesis. TheRead MoreHistory Of Obedience And Conformity1729 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Obedience and Conformity With the utterance of â€Å"research in obedience,† Stanley Milgram is the epithet in social psychology. 56 years ago, Milgram tested the limits of a person s ability to commit deeds that would normally be directionally challenging to their moral compass when commanded to act by an authority figure. Just 15 years after the World War II Holocaust, the Milgram experiments was a social psychology response to a topic of â€Å"particular relevance† during that time (MilgramRead MoreConformity and Obedience Essay3326 Words   |  14 PagesConformity and Obedience Task: outline and evaluate findings from conformity and obedience research and consider explanations for conformity (and non-conformity), as well as evaluating Milgram’s studies of obedience (including ethical issues). The following essay will be about understanding what is meant by and distinguishing the differences between the terms conformity and obedience. It will show the evaluation of two key psychological studies which seek to explain why people do and do not conformRead MoreConformity and Obedience Essays2559 Words   |  11 PagesConformity and Obedience Why do we conform? Two basic sources of influence: normative social influence, the need to be liked, accepted by others and Informational influence: need to be correct and to behave in accordance with reality. Solomon Asch (1956) devised an experiment to see if subjects would conform even if they were uncertain that the group norm was incorrect. In his study he asked subjects to take part in an experiment. They were each asked to match a standard length line with threeRead MoreThe Phenomena of Conformity, Obedience, and Deviance2505 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Effects of Social Influence on Ones Self This essay defines the phenomenon of Conformity, Obedience and Deviance in the light of historic research and contemporary experiments. Concluding to the fact that deviance is a valuable Human attribute that makes our life what it is today. Introduction: Man is a social animal and among his other social needs, is to be socially recognized and acclaimed by his fellow society members. This desire is so overwhelming that one might go to any extent toRead MoreEssay about On Conformity and Obedience1176 Words   |  5 PagesConformity and Obedience People have been changing their behavior or obeying someone else’s commands for years. This continues today in our everyday lives. Conformity and obedience seem similar but differ in several ways. Conformity is defined by psychologists as a change in behavior or belief to accord with others. Similar to this, is obedience. Obedience is defined acting in accordance with a direct order or command. Normally people conform to reap a reward or to avoid punishment. If we complyRead MoreConformity And Obedience Are Both Social Behaviors1935 Words   |  8 PagesConformity and obedience are both social behaviors that are influenced by those around us and determines our behavior in social situations. When we change our attitude or behavior based on those around us, we are conforming to their behavior. When we obey what we are told, by what we perceive to be an authority figure, we are being obedient. Conformity and obedience can have positive or negative results on our lives, dependin g on the situation and the individuals involved. Symbolic interactions areRead MoreAdaptive Social Behaviors, Conformity, Compliance And Obedience1369 Words   |  6 PagesAdaptive Social Behaviours Conformity, compliance and obedience are a set of adaptive social behaviours that one makes use of to get by in daily social activities. They are all some form of social influence, which causes a change in a particular person or group’s behaviour, attitude and/or feelings (Cialdini, 2000, 2006). Various forms of social influence have been used for a variety of reasons; sometimes to help individuals stray from harmful behaviour such as smoking; other times [not as altruisticRead MoreMajor Categories Of Social Influence : Conformity, Compliance, And Obedience2039 Words   |  9 PagesKatrina Venta PSY 226 Community College of Aurora March 11, 2016 Abstract There are three major categories of social influence: conformity, compliance, and obedience. Conformity is the change of behavior to be able to fit in and gain approval from other people. Compliance, on the other hand, is when a person changes their behavior in response to being asked directly. While obedience is a response to an authority figure directing an individual (Kenrick, Neuberg, Cialdini, 2010, p. 183). These social influencesRead MoreAsch s Conformity Experiment And Milgram s Obedience Experiment Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiments; Asch s conformity experiment and Milgram s obedience experiment. The two experiments will be compared for validity and their ethics. In addition, this report will take into consideration Zimbardo s Stanford Prison experiment and the Lucifer Effect. To analyse how obedience and conformity theories can be used as an example of why good people can turn bad. This report will also look at how obedience and conformity can be applied to the c riminal justice system. Conformity Solomon Asch s

Analysis Of The Movie Argo - 1119 Words

Argo is a 2012 film directed by Ben Affleck that is based on the events of the Iranian hostage crisis of 1979-1981. The film uses variations from Tony Mendez’s novel The Master of Disguise, who was a U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) operative, and as well as the 2007 magazine article from Wired by Joshuah Bearman. The movie follows the events that led up to the Iranian hostage crisis where on November 4th, 1979 more than sixty Americans were taken hostage in the United State Embassy in Tehran, Iran by a group of Iranian students took over the embassy. The group claimed that they belonged to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam’s Line, who supported the Islamic Revolution. This was a way for the group to show their support for Ayatollah Khomeini who was exiled to America for cancer treatment instead of being returned back to Iran. He said â€Å"American can’t do a damn thing against us† which lead to a popular slogan showing the ex-leader support during the hostage crisis. The diplomats and citizens working in the embassy were held hostage for 444 days while the United States went back and forth trying to figure out how to disengage the situation while keeping U.S.-Iran relations and most important the safety of the American hostages. Argo follows the CIA’s operations to create a plan to safely extract six Americans who escaped becoming hostages and are in hiding at the house of the Canadian ambassador Ken Taylor, who seems to be the only country willing to help. TonyShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : Film Analysis Of Argo1132 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Analysis 2 Psychology 280 Film Analysis of Argo The 2012 movie Argo is based off of a true event in 1979. During the Iranian Civil War, President Jimmy Carter gives the Iranian Shah refuge in the U.S. due to his illness. In retaliation, Iranian activists invade the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and the staff are taken as hostages. This is famously known as the Iranian hostage crises. Although six of the staff members escape and are taken in by the Canadian Ambassador. Determined to rescue theRead MoreQuestions On Global Market Environment Of Argos Company2420 Words   |  10 PagesSubmission deadline April 30, 2015 Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Main areas of research and resources used 3 Analysis of strategic models adopted 3 Porter’s Five Forces Model 4 PESTLE 4 Key Conclusions and Findings 5 Contribution 6 References: 7 Executive Summary The primary purpose of the report is to analyze global market environment of Argos Company. Based on the outcomes of the study, reasonable recommendations for the improvement of the success and developmentRead MoreOperation Argo And The Killing Of Osama Bin Ladin Essay1921 Words   |  8 Pagesis to report that the agency failed in doing something. This paper will analyze different successes and failures of well-known operations of the CIA. The successes that will be analyzed are Operation Argo and the killing of Osama Bin Ladin. Operation Argo has recently become well known due to a movie being released about the operation. The killing of Osama Bin Ladin is probably the most popular case that the CIA had completed due to its significance in a time when the United States was quite vulnerableRead MoreIranian Hostage Crisis 1617 Words   |  7 Pagesexcept for one star at the top of the tree because the hostages had not received the gift of freedom (Scott, 2000, p. 185). Argo The Central Intelligence Agency had developed a plan to rescue the six embassy employees who eluded capture from the militants. The plan was to pose as a Hollywood movie -production company called â€Å"Studio Six Productions† producing a movie called â€Å"Argo†. They covered every detail, even setting up fake offices in Hollywood. The Canadian government issued the six CanadianRead MoreThe Revolution : An Overview2315 Words   |  10 PagesTHE REVOLUTION-AN OVERVIEW For any American who has seen the movie Argo, it wouldn’t be hard to recall the rumbling force that propelled the plot, and for the most part the drama shown in the movie was the late aftermath of this revolution’s climax. How can the climax best be described? This was in the year 1979, and countless seas of people swarmed the streets of Iran’s largest cities, especially in its capital of Tehran. These swarmed elements of humanity, ubiquitously sounded the chant of â€Å"MargRead MoreThe Lego Brick : The Enduring Economic Fascination Of Lego And A Review Of The Investment And Reselling Market2036 Words   |  9 Pagesglobal firms. Executive Summary This paper aims to outline the history of Lego since its start up within the last 100 years all the way to its financial crisis and verge of collapse in the early 2000s (see appendix for History of Lego). The Economic analysis and evaluation aims to argue whether Lego has a monopoly position in the global toy industry or whether it moves into another market structure position. That section analyses how Lego is and is not in a monopoly position, thus drawing on the contextualisedRead MoreAdvancing the Individuals Knowledge of the Holocaust Essay2289 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Contemporary World, and the novel Return to Auschwitz determine their high degree of service to advancing humanity’s knowledge through the analysis of matters such as accurate sourcing, benefits to the audience and whether one of the two basis for knowledge of the holocaust can be found. The conclusions of the various sources, brought on by the analysis of the issues above and by comparing these sources to each other, determined that overall these sources have a high degree in serving to furtherRead MoreStrategic Analysis of Lego Essay4136 Words   |  17 Pages| Strategic Analysis of the LEGO Group of LEGO Group | | | Business Policy and corporate strategy 9th January 2012 Strategic Analysis of the LEGO Group Discussion and evaluation of strategies adopted by Lego during 1995-2009 Strategies adopted by Lego 1995-2009 Strategies are processes businesses carry out, the directions they take and the decisions they make to reach their goals (Thompson amp; Martin, 2005). Strategic models such as the Ansoff matrix can be used to aid companiesRead MoreOn the morning of November 4, 1979, revolutionary Muslim students overtook security at the United3200 Words   |  13 Pagesreelection battle in 1980 that certainly affected his response to the crisis, especially standing next to Ronald Reagan, who favored shows of force to Carter’s preferred diplomacy. The crisis dominated headlines in the media with nightly updates and analysis of the situation in Iran. Famous CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite famously ended every newscast with an update on the number of days the hostages had been kept captive. Driving the swift Presidential response as well as the intense media scrutinyRead MoreIr The Iranian Identity3660 Words   |  15 Pagesand â€Å"Other† in Iran can be seen in Iranian cinema. For exam ple, the West, specifically The United States, generally represents Iranians as Oriental and the underdeveloped violent â€Å"Other.† A famous example is the movie Not without my Daughter another more recent example is the film Argo. Iranian cinema, in contrast, attempts to defy these representations by showing the modern side of Iranian society in films. With that â€Å"cinematic ‘self-othering,’† Iranian cinema did not only contrast the representation

Dbq Us Constitution Free Essays

From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation failed to provide the United States with an effective government. It acted as though a loose confederation, or â€Å"firm league of friendship. † The Articles of Confederation created a weak central government that linked the thirteen states in common problems such as foreign affairs, and a judicial arm. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbq: Us Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although, there was no executive branch, which meant no leader to enforce laws. Also, the Congress was weak (it was designed that way), and therefore the government could merely advocate and appeal.The United States faced two main problems: the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to collect and/or create revenue. Each state was in fact not very coherent with the central government. Nor were the states coherent with each other. The states possessed more control than the central government, as the Articles of Confederation forbade the government to command, coerce, or control. It could not act directly upon the individual citizens of sovereign states. Also, the government could only recommend laws, taxes, and other pieces of legislation to a state. Most often, when the government advocated for a law to be passed in a certain state, the state would reject the recommendation, like Rhode Island had done in 1782 (Doc. A). Moreover, the central government had no power to regulate commerce. This is due to how reluctant the states were to hand over control of taxation and commerce, after they had just won it from Great Britain. Without a central power to control these two aspects of the economy, the states were free to establish different, and often conflicting laws regarding tariffs and navigation. This led states to become only farther apart from each other, rather than more unified.Additionally, despite the weak, unsuccessful government, to make any change to the Articles of Confederation required unanimous ratification. Unanimity was near impossible, meaning that the Articles could never be amended. With a government this weak, people would lose confidence in it, and won’t realize the benefit of the liberty they won from the British (Doc. G). Next, the Articles of Confederation failed to allow the central government to collect revenue. In addition to the central government already being weak, it could not effectively collect taxes.Congress, dealing with a large war debt, could not even pay its own soldiers their promised money (Doc. C). Congress needed some form of revenue to get out of debt, so it established a tax quota for each of the states. It then asked each of them to contribute to their share on a voluntary basis. The government, lacking a president (executive branch), had no way to enforce this tax. Congress was lucky if they received one-fourth of their desired tax amount. Furthermore, Congress could not tax trade or any commerce; as for they did not set the regulations for it.Despite not fully â€Å"paying federal taxes†, states still scrambled to get money, and some ended up having to foreclose farms of debtors. Events like this in Massachusetts (along with the high taxes issued by the state), caused Shays’s Rebellion. This was occurred when a group of debtors demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeovers. Even though the rebellion was crushed, it was a sign that in order for the United States to survive, a new constitution with a stronger federal government must be created.With a government so weak and ineffective, it is clear that the United States could not survive without a new constitution. This is evident through the lack of the central government’s power, and its inability to generate revenue. As time went by, more and more people began to realize this, which soon began the pursuit of the U. S. Constitution. Therefore, it is obvious that from 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation did not provide the United States with an effective government. (American Pageant was textbook used) How to cite Dbq: Us Constitution, Papers

Change Management In Dynamic Healthcare Systems

Question: From your working experience discuss one factor that has been driving change. How has this factor affected policy or how change has been handled? Answer: From the working experience, it is found that there are five common factors that actually drives the change in health care system, these include, strong governance, proper planning, committed leadership, aligned workforce and informed stakeholders. These five factors exhibit successful change in the health care system. However, governance factor is one of the most important and fundamental factor of health care industry. Inadequate governance comprises the capacity of the administration to succeed. Strong governance, interestingly, enormously supports the association. Strong governance has the accompanying qualities: it is productive, permits deferential conflicts of thoughts, is easy, is centered, is coordinated and synergistic, has great results, and preserves necessary assets of the community, and prompts pleasure and individual rewards for the members of board (Lewis Pettersson, 2009; Arnwine, 2002). Healthcare governance includes creating proper roles, obligations and a structure inside the association to guarantee an effective change. In change ventures different roles and/or lines of obligation regarding the change are regularly settled, bringing about the ordinary chain of importance of control being broken or altered. This is especially the case if the change extends crosswise over numerous parts of the association and particular administrators tackle the makeshift part of giving the formal power by which changes are made. It is critical that these plans are well seen over the association (Dwyer Eagar, 2008). The main function of the governance in the healthcare system is to solve the issues related to regulations, provisions, commissioning, funding and ownership. In order to solve all these five issues, the governance is divided into two parts one is to solve the effective care issues related to patient and another is solve the issues related to the performance of the healthcare system (Lewis Pettersson, 2009). Through effective governance, the health safety quality for the patients has improved. Governmental abilities have been degenerated in various bearings. The vital arranging led by government offices is currently consider the arrangements of numerous pluralised hubs of legislative force and private area engages for those divisions to be significant and effective (anu.edu.au, 2005). Cross- sector coordinated efforts have significant conceivable outcomes for advancing majority rule government through adapting by checking between government, the callings, non-government associations and purchaser aggregates in common society. An elective technique for giving access to GP consideration is composed by the wellbeing subsidizing power. On the other hand, a diverse arrangement of budgetary motivators for the Commonwealth could mean that the Commonwealth is all the more effectively occupied with setting motivating forces for GPs to work in little remote groups where charge for-administration is an lacking payment system. This is helping in comprehending the consideration issues in remote ranges (health.vic.gov.au, 2003). Therefore, in this response, it can be said that effective governance provides evidence to the Board about the resources and processes that helps them to manage, monitor and improve the safety care services in the health care systems. Strong governance mainly involves in redesigning accreditation norms to mirror the administering body's healthcare governance role; creating principles particular to patient security necessities and presenting compulsory principles in these ranges and requires the hospitals and other health care centres to accomplish higher appraisals for quality and safety to get accreditation status (Jha Epstein, 2009). References anu.edu.au, (2005). The Governance of Health Safety and Quality Professor John Braithwaite, Dr Judith Healy Dr Kathryn Dwan A Discussion Paper. [online] Available at: https://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Reports/Governance_Health_2005.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Arnwine, D. (2002). Effective governance: the roles and responsibilities of board members. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)., 15(2), pp.1922. Dwyer, J. Eagar, K. (2008). Options for reform of Commonwealth and State governance responsibilities for the Australian health system. [online] health.gov.au. health.vic.gov.au, (2003). The Healthcare Boards role in clinical governance. [online] Available at: https://www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/downloads/clingov_hboard.pdf [Accessed 18 Mar. 2015]. Jha, A. Epstein, A. (2009). Hospital Governance And The Quality Of Care. Health Affairs, 29(1), pp.182-187. Lewis, M., Pettersson, G. (2009). Governance in Health Care Delivery Raising Performance. The World Bank Development Economics Department Human Development Department. Retrieved from https://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2009/10/13/000158349_20091013151915/Rendered/PDF/WPS5074.pdf

Essay - Effects Of Dam Building Essays - Dam, Diversion Dam

Essay - Effects of Dam Building Grade 10 Geography Units 12, 13, 14 Many people have already dammed a small stream using sticks and mud by the time they become adults. Humans have used dams since early civilization, because four-thousand years ago they became aware that floods and droughts affected their well-being and so they began to build dams to protect themselves from these effects.1 The basic principles of dams still apply today as they did before; a dam must prevent water from being passed. Since then, people have been continuing to build and perfect these structures, not knowing the full intensity of their side effects. The hindering effects of dams on humans and their environment heavily outweigh the beneficial ones. The paragraphs below will prove that the construction and presence of dams always has and will continue to leave devastating effects on the environment around them. Firstly, to understand the thesis people must know what dams are. A dam is a barrier built across a water course to hold back or control water flow. Dams are classified as either storage, diversion or detention. As you could probably notice from it's name, storage dams are created to collect or hold water for periods of time when there is a surplus supply. The water is then used when there is a lack of supply. For example many small dams impound water in the spring, for use in the summer dry months. Storage dams also supply a water supply, or an improved habitat for fish and wildlife; they may store water for hydroelectricity as well. A diversion dam is a generation of a commonly constructed dam which is built to provide sufficient water pressure for pushing water into ditches, canals or other systems. These dams, which are normally shorter than storage dams are used for irrigation developments and for diversion the of water from a stream to a reservoir. Diversion dams are mainly built to lessen the effects of floods and to trap sediment. Overflow dams are designed to carry water which flow over thier crests, because of this they must be made of materials which do not erode. Non-overflow dams are built not to be overtopped, and they may include earth or rock in their body. Often, two types of these dams are combined to form a composite structure consisting of for example an overflow concrete gravity dam, the water that overflows into dikes of earthfill construction. A dam's primary function is to trap water for irrigation. Dams help to decrease the severity of droughts, increase agricultural production, and create new lands for agricultural use. Farmland, however, has it's price; river bottomlands flooded, defacing the fertility of the soil. This agricultural land may also result in a loss of natural artifacts. Recently in Tasmania where has been pressure from the government to abandon the Franklin project which would consume up to 530 sq miles of land listed on the UN World Heritage register. In the land losses whole communties must leave everything and start again elsewhere. The James's Bay Hydroelectric project, hailed to be one of the most ambitious North American undertaking of dams was another example of the lands that may be lost. The 12.7 billion scheme was to generate 3 160 megawatts of electricity a day, this power output would be enough to serve a city of 700 000! One of the largest problems with this dam, is that it would be built on a region that meant a lot to 10 500 Cree and 7 000 Inuit. Lands that their ancestors have hunted and lived on for more than 5 000 years will be flooded along with 90% of their trapping lines.6 If this happened these people must resettle, find a new way of life and face the destruction of a piece of their heritage if this project is approved. When a dam is being constructed, the river where it is supposed to be built on must be drained. This kills much of the life and disrupts the ecosystem and peaceful being of all the aquatic and terrestrial animals around it. At fisheries there is a large impact on the fish. The famous Columbia River saw it's stock of

SSD vs. SSI Difference Between Social Security Disability and Supplemental Income

SSD vs. SSI Difference Between Social Security Disability and Supplemental Income SSD vs. SSI While  Social Security Disability  (SSD) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are both programs providing benefits to persons with disabilities, managed by the Social Security Administration (SSA), entailing the same medical requirements for evaluating an individual’s disability, the initial â€Å"technical† eligibility criteria are entirely different for each program.SSD is considered the work-credit based system funded by our payroll dollars. In other words, SSD recipients were workers that have paid sufficient FICA Social Security taxes (which translate into Social Security â€Å"credits†) during their relevant working years. A worker can earn up to four credits in one year from wages or self-employment income. The amount a worker would need to earn to accumulate a credit usually changes from year to year.  In 2014, for example, a worker can earn one credit for each $1200 of wages or self-employment income – capping out at $4800 or 4 credits reg ardless of additional earnings. To give some perspective, in 1978, an individual earned a credit for each quarter where $50 was made. After 1978, the amount of earnings satisfying a credit became dependent on the national average wage index.[i]Therefore, when an individual files for SSD, Social Security will first review that individual’s work record to ensure that the applicant has earned sufficient credits, before even evaluating that person’s disability. Essentially, a worker will need 40 credits, 20 of which must have been earned in the last 10 years from the date that you became disabled or allege disability. SSA has termed an individual’s date last insured (DLI) as the date when the worker’s credits â€Å"expire.†Ã‚   The worker must be found disabled as of, or prior to, his DLI in order to be eligible for SSD.On the other hand, SSI applicants need not have worked at all; even a child could qualify.  SSI applicants, however, must prove that their resources are below the threshold outlined by SSA before the disability evaluation process will begin.[ii] SSA has recently mandated that a recipient of SSI payments must not have â€Å"countable† resources exceeding $2000 for an individual[iii] or $3000 for a married couple.[iv] If the value of all of the countable resources is above the allowable limit at the beginning of the month, SSI payments will not be paid for that month.As referenced above, FICA taxes paid from the workers payroll dollars make-up the SSD fund.  Therefore, the amount an individual receives upon approval is based on the wages contributed during the relevant working years.[v]   The monthly amount is typically calculated using the â€Å"averaged index monthly earnings† (AIME). SSA applies a formula to the individual’s AIME which will dictate the actual monthly amount.[vi]   SSD recipients will receive this monthly amount regardless of other resources[vii], and will also be elig ible to receive Medicare. However, SSI payments derive from general tax revenues. Essentially, SSI is designed to provide assistance to the aged, blind, and disabled who have little to no income and resources. In addition to providing a monetary benefit to help pay for basic needs such as food, shelter, and clothing, recipients may also receive Medicaid entitlement. What’s more, unlike SSD recipients who must wait 2 years from the date of entitlement to be eligible for Medicare, SSI recipients may be entitled to receive Medicaid immediately upon approval.[viii]Our attorneys and staff at Disability Attorneys of Michigan understand the highly technical and evolving rules that may impact an individual’s eligibility for SSD, SSI, or both, including the alleged onset date of disability, DLI, countable resources, and more. These factors can become crucial factors even at the initial application stage. We specialize in assisting individuals with filing their initial applicati on through the appeals stage if necessary.  Contact us today  for a free consultation at (888) 678-5839.[i]  ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/QC.html.[ii] Note: there are additional criteria, primarily as it relates to citizenship and

Project Management for Information Systems Essay

Project Management for Information Systems - Essay Example This problem can be fixed through building several core load images which use a similar template for all computers in the environment. For instance, if this template uses windows 7, then it can support all other computers connected to this server. The language used may also be easy to support and the advantage of this is that licensing is easier to handle. For instance, Microsoft has this core image where one large license is used. Therefore, it is cheaper to buy an MSDN-package which is comprised of the core application. Each department should have its core application. 14 5.4Benefits of Cloud Computing(SAAS) 14 Selection of location 15 Locations can be selected freely and this helps to minimize overhead expenses. 15 Use of device 15 Cloud computing services can accessed from any devise such as computer or phone (http://www.cloudtweaks.com/2012/08/advantages-of-cloud-computing/) 15 6.Management Summary (250 word) 15 1. Introduction This report seeks to evaluate the processes involve d in implementing a standard software development methodology in an engineering company in order to streamline its project management and software development so that they become standardised. This report is comprised of four parts which include the following: the first part outlines and evaluates how Prince2 project management methodology can be implemented in managing such a project that is related to software development methodology, the second part deals with estimated set up costs of the standardisation project. The third part outlines the benefits of adopting a standard software development methodology and it outlines the benefits of replacing a mix environment of PCs, operating systems and applications with a standard PC hardware build which incorporates the same operating system. The last part summarises the findings of the project which will be used as the basis for decision making. 2. Project Management Report This section describes PRINCE2 methodology in order to meet the requirements of the directors who have underscored to implement a standard project management methodology for the whole company. Basically, PRINCE2 methodology is meant to incorporate different types of projects and it is a widely used tool in project management (Cradle & Yeats, 2004). 2.1 Project in Controlled Environments According to Prince2 official website (2012), Prince2 is a process based method for effective project management in controlled environments and it is mainly recommended by the UK government in carrying out major projects. Basically, it outlines the internal processes of the organization and the tasks to meet each process are clearly defined. The project is divided into smaller components that are easy to manage and control. 2.2 PRINCE2 organisation structure In order to implement the standard software development methodology in this company, the following structure is advocated. 2.3 Project Board The project board is responsible for authorising the project as we ll as all other activities that should be executed. The board has the role of approving the budget as well as to ensure that quality is guaranteed in the

Positioning Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Positioning - Term Paper Example Thus, it can be said that positioning is the way to stimulate customers’ awareness regarding a brand and place a rich, exclusive, and beneficial insight for the brand in the mind of people (Oxford University Press, 2011). Why Organizations Opt for Market Positioning A successful organization must be aligned closely with the target customer segments in the existing markets as well as in the emerging markets. Organizations which can forecast the market tendencies and form positioning strategies accordingly possess the best prospect for long-term success. The prime reason for an organization to call for market positioning is to achieve competitive advantage by creating a favorable base of rivalry. Through positioning organizations can encourage customers’ awareness and belief regarding a brand and make a clear understanding about the benefits and worth they will get for purchasing the brand. Thus, companies can create competitive advantage over the competitors through effe ctive implications of positioning strategies (Njuguna, 2009). The other reason for market positioning is that, it can help to differentiate the product by communicating some unique benefits over the similar products served by competitors. Thus, other competitors and people will view the product as innovative assisting the organization to express itself as unique and dissimilar from other organizations. Subsequently, the organization shall attain higher competitive advantages through brand recognition. Therefore, the objective to attain competitive advantages over the rivals can be termed as one of the major and core reasons for organizations to implement this strategic alliance (Sengupta, 2005). Successful Market Positioning Market positioning denotes how customers consider a product and its contribution in contrast to other products. For making a successful positioning there is need to recognize the way for changing customers’ awareness through improving, strengthening, or p rotecting the position of organization in the market. Market positioning must be addressed appropriately because it is the only method to stabilize the misconception produced by ineffective communication channels. A complete message given in right time and in right place is a beneficial way for successful positioning of an organization (Perreault & McCarthy, 2006). Positioning in organization begins with product. Positioning becomes much vital when two or more brands in market look similar to each other. For instance, several customers believe that there is little difference in the LED television models of different brands. While, Sony wants to generate awareness in the mind of customers to consider that their LED television provide clear, lively and detail picture compared to other brands by their unique ‘X-Reality pro Engine’ (Sony Electronics Inc, 2011). On the other hand, Samsung wants to position their LED televisions with the features of innovative picture quality , consumer of lesser electricity and equipped with internet connectivity features by their unique ‘Backlight Technology’ and higher processor speed (Samsung, 2011). Communication ensures to create a positive image about a brand in customers’ mind. Positioning must be combined with the activities of market segmentation because it lets for more laborious tactic which

Sport and Leisure Identities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sport and Leisure Identities - Essay Example Thus, the classes are not as distinct as they once were, their nature more developed along consumerism that provides an equalizing element to the nature of choice. While social class and related issues of gender and ethnicity still have powerful influential context for the individual, consumerism also plays a role in the way in which choices about leisure time and sports activities are concerned. Despite the highly influential consumer society that presents equalities of opportunities to the classes, in the end it is still the nature of what is presented as an opportunity, in combination to how a community has developed their identity around leisure and sports that will have the greatest influence on the choices that are made by the individual. Spectator sports, in particular, create large communities of followers that can be explored for the way in which their social class relates to their choices. Social Class The social class systems in Great Britain were originally based on finit e criteria that placed people into social groups according to birth, occupation, and accomplishments. These social groups were finite in that once inside a specific group, even though most often through birth, it was difficult, if not impossible, to find a way up to the next social class level. With growing globalization that begun with the industrialization of goods and services, creating a wealthy middle class who were not associated by birth to nobility, the social class structure has changed dramatically. Social classes are defined by a series of criteria that place a person into a certain strata of social grouping. In order to be a member of the upper class, one is born into the group of landowners who bare titles of the aristocracy. Even if one marries into this group, full integration will more than likely not occur. These families have long histories that are well documented, giving them position and prestige merely from being born into the right family. The upper middle cla ss is defined by the well-educated, although most people are born into this class as well. Through higher educations and academic pursuits, the incomes are high and the perpetuation of this level of achievement is the common way for the perpetuation of the families as they continue their traditions of attending the more prestigious educational institutions.1 The middle class is the group of people who work as doctors, lawyers, architects, teachers, and those who have attained a position of respect through the means of their education and accomplishments. The nouveau rich are the people who have attained new money, their lifestyles altered by the increases in wealth that comes, not from family, but from entrepreneurial or inventive efforts. The nouveau rich is a relatively new class that was not in existence pre-industrial communities.2 This type of self-made wealth was not possible during feudal configurations of society and has only emerged with the consumerist society that has acc ompanied industrialization. The lower middle class consists of white collar workers without extensive educations working in jobs that are still cerebral, but not high paying and without much in the way of earned respect due to their professional

The Mass Media Laws In Pakistan Media Essay

The Mass Media Laws In Pakistan Media Essay The Mass Media do not exist separately from the other institution in the society. The Mass Media are necessary part of the processes of social change and maintenance. They have ability to revolutionize any other estate of the country. This aptitude of media has been usually taken as a threat by other estates. Particularly political mechanism of many countries of the world felt bullying from free media. To secure their regimes from media threats they curbed the voice of media with some legal checks and bounds. The interesting fact is that the regulatory measures to secure other estates by restricting media freedom are tagged Media Laws. Media law is a term used for a mix of more traditional categories of law with a focus on providing legal services to the communication industry. The write up enlightens that whether Pakistani Media laws are facilitating media by providing services to communication industry or acting as a barrier in the way of information flow. Pakistani Governments have been formulating such kind of laws for media from very beginning of media origin in the country. Even Popular democratic regimes in the country felt to curb media freedom through legal and even illegal checks. The study focuses on why do they need media laws? What are they? How these laws are functioning? The important aspect of the paper is to find out even a single law that is formulated to secure or strengthen Mass Media Networks of the state. Historical Perspective: History of media laws in Pakistan is quite interesting. Interesting in a sense that media laws were originated according to the requirement of state of affairs threatening to the running political bodys influence or reputation. These laws were formulated by different regimes when some critical issues were arisen, the governments muted media voice through the remote of law in order to cover their faults. Media as fourth estate are working effectively to influence public opinion. There is strong relationship between opinion formation of masses and media reports. Most of the governments take this relationship as a menace for their power. They have a view that media are naÃÆ' ¯ve, they are not properly aware with the use of power. So there must be some regulatory measure for their power balance. Political  instability in Pakistan affected the Media enormously. All branches of media were affected but print media suffered badly. Although, it was declared many times in constitution that freedom of speech and expression would be provided to the media. However, this rule was never truly implemented and many political leaders banned the press during their regime. In constitution of 1956, an article specifically devoted to freedom of speech was included. The 1956 constitution lasted less than three years and was abrogated in October 1958 by the imposition of marshal law. With the removal of marshal law in 1962, a new constitution was enforced which sustained with the recognition of initial concept of freedom of expression. But actually, a military ruler imposed the constitution, which was completely devoid of laws of freedom. However, the strong reaction of press and public resulted in constitutional amendment#1 to the 1962 constitution and in 1963; the press and publication ordinance came into organism. Press and Publication Ordinance contained harshest of laws restraining freedom of expression and the progressive progress of media. But soon in March 1969, General Yahya Khan imposed martial law and tried to curb media freedom by int roducing the system of press Advice given by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in order to avoid publication of anti government material. During this phase, the publications with independent and progressive views were taken over by the authorities. Finally the National Press Trust acted as a front to control press by taking over these journals. Western Pakistan maintenance of Public order ordinance formulated in order to merge into one law various stipulations for defensive custody of people and control of persons and publications with the help of bridle of public order and maintain the device of subjugation. In 1963 and 1964 with some modifications this law authorized government to restrict the printing of publications, to enter and search premises and to forbid trade in of newspapers, among other measures. These measures have been used by different governments until the government of Musharraf. At the time of Administrative and economical breakdown in 1961, the government took over the main news agency Associated Press of Pakistan in order to manipulate news flow. Government took it as an opportunity to filter the news items that was supplied to print, electronic, and even international media. Rather than giving chance to private venture to make better the performance of news agency, the government abruptly muscled in to regulate flow of information. The Press can not compromise with its freedom and started mutiny against the establishment by providing substitute sources for news gathering. The complementary source was the establishment of independent press. This bold step taken by press show rigid aspiration of journalists community for free media. Pakistans first civilian Chief and President Mr Zulfikar Ali Bhutto also proved impatient ruler when respond very robustly to some anarchistic press reports by various members of press, also muted free voices and jailed some editors and publishers on the basis of alleged reason of national security. Democracy or Discrepancy: Mass Media organizations of the world are diverse and this diversity depends on the degree of enthusiasm to media reports by political elites. The societies following communism and totalitarianism generally have restrictions of what the media could represent about the government. On the other hand, the societies following a Bourgeois Democracy have not much more limitations. We find discrepancy while comparing the stance, of other democratic regimes, on media freedom with our own democratic regimes. Although Bhutto government was representing democracy, but it was stained by some dictatorial strokes on media landscapes. The new establishment, although originated on the foundations of democracy, freedom of speech and human rights, could not serve the purpose. As did the National Press Trust, the Press and Public Ordinance remained. The alternative news agency of government-owned Agency (APP), Pakistan Press International, was brought under governments control through use of force and authority. Governments Secrecy and Media Disclosure: Governments operate in secrecy; media live by disclosure. The difference among operating system of both of the estates contradicts when any kind of instability occurs in one of the above systems. Or any pillar of state misuses its power. Same happened in 1977, when the martial law was implemented. The naÃÆ' ¯ve government endeavored to work in secrecy, for this purpose the authorities curbed the media freedom badly. The media were suppressed in advance, so that any kind of intrusion in governments way can be avoided. In the era of Zias rule journalists abuse became public rather than covert. Many journalists were thrashed publicly; it was practiced frequently till the end of the government. From 1977 to August 1988 Media gone through a spectacular oppressions, the only positive change of that era was News Agency PPI were handed over back to its private sector ventures. Since then PPI is working effectively as an alternative source of news to the state owned news agency Associated Press of Pakistan The new democratic body came into power in 1985, but the laws for mass media remained the same. Blazing a tiny trail: The press law, acting as a barrier in the way of press freedom, was repealed by a new caretaker government. No doubt it was an absolute shift to democracy. This step was taken as good sign for press future and provided the latitudinal setting for media. Although it was a tiny trail in the journey of media practitioners to freedom of expression but it is blazing in murky of black laws. The regulation, Registration of Printing Presses and Publications Ordinance that was promulgated in 1988, It was being altered in a way that the governments interference in media was stopped. District Magistrate was authorized to give a receipt to a candidate for the issuance of statement for owing a printing press or publication of a journal to make available the applicant with evidence that would help avoid government intervention. In this way the governmental and other political pressures on media were abridged considerably. Moreover, newspapers get rid of compulsion to publish in full press notes issued by the government; they were given liberty to publish what they want. Although Supreme Court ruled the amendment, in law of 1988, illegal, but it was changed according to the wish of representative bodies of press. Due to a variety of reasons journalists community appealed to revise the law, they were obliged by bringing a key change in the law. The key change was stopping the regime to muscle in media affairs. A New Chapter; Old Contents: During Benazirs second term in office the independent press started highlighting and assailing charges of rampant corruption at the highest levels she hit back by proposing to bring on the statute books a new law to establish press courts in order to ensure that the so-called irresponsible and malicious journalism was effectively curbed. As Burhanuddine Hassan writes this devilish scheme was probably worse than any move ever made even in worst periods of media repression (Hassan, 2000, p. 264). In this way the new chapter brought old contents with it, due to different pressures media returned to conventions after only four months. The so-called democratic government reversed all the moves leading to freedom of expression. The positive step of this regime was approval of importing newsprint at market prices. But in 1990, Mian Nawaz Sharif took over the approval for some unknown reasons. During this regime freedom of media was curbed by conventions. Media and journalists have to face a lot of pressures and threats. Another phase of liberalism: Musharraf s government was seemed to having view of media liberty; there were less restrictions with few regulatory measures. But this liberal policy was spoiled at the end of the regime, when some critical issues were aroused. In order to respond these issues Musharraf grasped the neck of media by implementing the state of emergency. This is worthy to note that freedom of media in this era was actually consequence of globalization and impact of technological advancement in communication sector. History depicts that almost each and every government of Pakistan felt to curb media freedom in order to strengthen their regime. For this purpose they formulated laws for mass media, which acted for a long time as defender for regimes and bully for Media organizations. Other Pressures on Media: Governmental actions have encouraged non official groups to adopt uncivil and non legal means to deal with the media. The media in general and the press in particular have always been vulnerable to violence and harassment by extremist organizations and by groups and individuals whose actions are adversely commented upon by the press. Aggressive reactions also occur when the press does not publish a certain news report or does not give the prominence to some item which the extremists think the item deserves. Symptomatic of disturbance rise of intolerance in Pakistani society particularly with regard to sectarian and ethnic considerations that sharpened during the 1980s, this dimension of danger is faced by press is the price that media have paid for the protected periods of dictatorship imposed upon the people for over two decades during which division were deliberately fostered in order to weaken the political process. On occasion even the government controlled electronic media have been subjected to threats when programs featuring women, music and entertainment have sought to be realistic and contemporary rather than remain in suffocating mold of sterility preferred by the forces of obscurantism. As literacy and education increase and as level of access to international media improve, as in the case of overseas radio and satellite TV channels, there is a sense of hope that non official intimidation of the media by groups that largely remained unpunished for their attacks will diminish in the years ahead. Existing Regime and Media Laws: Pakistan Government plans to introduce new media laws Updated: Thursday July 1, 2010 10:30:03 PM ISLAMABAD: Authorities are proposing a law to restrict graphic coverage of militant attacks, and possibly curb harsh criticism of the government, by increasingly independent television channels, ARY NEWS reported. If approved by the National Assembly, the bill, known as the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority Bill, would ban live coverage of the militant attacks, as well as broadcast of anything defamatory against the organs of the state. It would also prevent discussions which could influence the judiciary at a time when it has been dealing with several political cases involving President Asif Ali Zardari. The new bill prohibits media from broadcasting video footage of suicide bombers, bodies of victims of terror attacks, statements from Islamist militants and any acts which promote, aid or abet terrorist or terrorism. An offender could be sentenced to up to three years in jail or fined up to 10 million rupees ($117,100). Critics, however, say the government could use the proposed law to tame media outlets. The government has not yet set a date for voting on the bill. The bill seeks to amend a law introduced by former military President Pervez Musharraf in an attempt to muzzle the media after he imposed emergency rule in November 2007. Under the original law, media were prohibited from broadcasting or publishing statements ridiculing Musharraf, top government officials and the military. However, the present government led by Zardari, who replaced Musharraf in 2008, has proposed an amendment to strike down what it calls draconian laws by the former military ruler. The draconian laws that threatened coercive actions against the press will be removed via this bill to begin the process of providing for a free press in Pakistan, said a draft of the bill obtained by media organs. U.S. ally Pakistan is confronting a growing threat from Islamist militants. The militants have unleashed a wave of attacks across the country, killing hundreds of people, in retaliation for military offensives in their northwest bastions. Officials accuse some media outlets critical of the president of running a vilification campaign against the government, but promised they would not curb free speech. Nowhere in the civilized world are murderers, terrorists and extremists given air time on electronic media to expound their views, Farah Ispahani, a ruling party parliamentarian on the standing committee on information and broadcasting, told Reuters. This report, which will take on the shape of a bill in the next session of parliament, is not an attempt to control the media. It is a necessary code of conduct that is usually practised all over the world willingly by the electronic media. Rights activists, however, doubt the governments intentions. This bill is a self-defeating exercise. They are harming their own image and it exposes their dictatorial temperament, said Iqbal Haider, a former law minister and co-chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. To call a spade a spade or a crook a crook is no offence. The Supreme Court in December struck down a controversial law that provided amnesty to Zardari, several aides and thousands of political activities from corruption and other charges. Many of Pakistans broadcast outlets are full of the latest twists and turns of the cases surrounding Zardari, with many anchors and talk show hosts criticizing the president. Current Situation: Today Pakistani media is comparatively free as it was in past. There are few regulatory measures, formulated by Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA). These measures are not to regulate how to present? Or media have what to present? They are there just to decide that the bridle of media should be handed over to whom? The freedom of Pakistani media is not gifted by the government, or it is not due to leniency of the regime. It has been snitched from harsh clutch of dictators by force. The factors that are involved in achieving the liberty include; Public Support Efforts by the part of Journalists Globalizations impact Public Support: The first and most active factor that worked for achieving media freedom is public support. Pakistani people are seeking for a free, fearless and vibrant media. They refused to accept Disinformation or Dysinformation. They have become mature and shrewd enough can easily detect any kind of sly in represented facts. So in order to win their trust all type of media are working hard to become a credible source for them. Efforts of Journalists: Journalists are fighting for media freedom from so many decades. They did not compromise with their freedom of expression. Whenever it was curbed the journalists fight back, when a regime muted the voice, they find alternatives to send the information to their audience. So their struggles to achieve freedom must be admitted and admired. Globalization: With the impact of globalization media got independent in all over the world. The media boom is due to emergence of communication technologies and advancement in satellite communications. This technological expansion is one of the significant effects of globalization. All of the above factors worked together to achieve present day media freedom in Pakistan. So we may say that if the impacts of globalization may eliminated probably over media have to face problems as they faced in past due to implementation of black laws. Mass Media Laws in Pakistan: Before having a detailed discussion it is necessary to know that what existing laws for mass media are, so we will see these laws at glance, Annexure-I Constitutional Provision Article 19 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defence of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court or commission or incitement to an offence. Annexure-II Provisions of Rules of Business, 1973 In order to ensure freedom of Press and promotion of responsible Print and Electronic Media in the country as envisaged in the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Federal Government entrusted a number of task to the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, as provided in the Rules of Business 1973. These are: i) Policy relating to internal publicity on national matters; ii) Broadcasting including television; iii) Production of films on behalf of the Government, its agencies, Government controlled Corporations, etc.; iv) Press relations, including delegations of journalists and other information media; v) Provision of facilities for the development of newspaper industry; vi) Policy regarding government advertisement; control of advertisement and placement; vii) Audit of circulation of newspapers; viii) Liaison and coordination with agencies and media on matters concerning Government policies and activities; ix) External Publicity; x) Training facilities for Radio and Television personnel. Annexure-III Media Laws a). Press, Newspaper, News Agencies, and Book Registration Ordinance-2002. b). Press Council of Pakistan Ordinance -2002. c). Freedom of Information Act 2002. d). Defamation Ordinance 2002. e). Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Ordinance 2002. f) Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) Rules 2002 g). Condition of (working journalists) Services Act, 1973; We will discuss some significant laws for print and electronic media, briefly. But before that it is necessary to discuss why they are required? Requirement of media laws: As far as the question that is it necessary to call for media laws? is concerned we can easily say that laws absolutely necessary for the proper functioning of any organization as they help to maintain check and balance. Following arguments prove the significance of media laws: 1) Media sometimes crosses the limits and does more than enough, in order to stop this there should be a check/law. 2) We often hear much about fundamental human rights on media, but by exhibiting violation of these rights media itself violates human rights. That thing also needs to be suppressed. 3) Personal and communal privacy is highly affected by media. No secret remains secret because of media globalization. Some things happen to worth keeping private so to protect privacy law is essential. 4) The owner of the product is responsible that in case the product is provided to be used by somebody else, that this user is in compliance with the above rules and regulations and agrees to not mention, comment, state or otherwise discuss anything about the respective product. A corresponding law may need to govern import restrictions so that ANYTHING, product or service or even visitors to the respective country need to sign when entering the respective country to obey to this law. Print Media Laws: CENSORSHIP: Censorship is considered very important in perspective of media. It holds same significance for media as a bridle for a horse. It keeps media in limits. A governmental organization censors anything that is considered morally corrupt. But as an old latin phrase states WHO WILL GUARD THE GUARDS, here comes a point that who will suggest that something is morally crooked? Code of ethics is one thing which will help here. All laws of censorship are meaningless without the code of ethics. Government of Pakistan has tried very hard to implement laws of censorship. But this is crystal clear that Pakistani censor board has awfully failed to do so. The reason definitely is the stark absence of code of ethics. PRESS LAWS: Our freedom depends in large part, on the continuation of a free press, which is the strongest guarantee of a free society.    Richard M. Schmidt-   Constitutional Provisions Guarantees An article in constitution Pakistan provides freedom of speech and fundamental rights, this piece of writing refers especially to press and is given below: Article 19, Freedom of Speech: Every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, and there shall be freedom of the press, subject to any reasonable restrictions imposed by law in the interest of the glory of Islam or the integrity, security or defense of Pakistan or any part thereof, friendly relations with foreign states, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, commission of or incitement to an offense. Copyright: The advent of new communication technologies, increasing computerization, the ease with which material can be reproduced in large volumes at fairly low cost, the spread of video piracy in particular and related development makes the subject of copyright most pertinent to a developing country like Pakistan. That is why the government of Pakistan supports the international agreements on copyright and this preference for acceptance of an international disciplinary approach is reflective in the updating of and the amendments made to, the Copyright Ordinance, 1962 through the changes brought about in 1992. Laws for Broadcast Media: Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority: PEMRA is a regulatory body; it was established on 1st March 2002 by the government. This is responsible for serving and regulating the establishment of all private electronic media. Its mandate is to improve the standers of information and entertainment through media and enlarge the options available to public in media. It is also established to make the peoples access easy to mass media at local and community level. The most significant mandate is have checks on media organizations through accountability and good governance. Since PEMRAs beginning in the country, electronic media of Pakistan remained in regimes control till the Pakistans first private sector TV channel was launched in 1990s. It was the mid of 90s when people started using satellite dishes for fulfilling their entertainment needs. It was the time when government realized people necessitate and adopted more liberal media policies and provided the public easy access multiple TV channels by encouraging public private participation. For the accountability purposes there was a need to have an effective regulatory frame work. By keeping in view all of the above purposes and the larger interest of the state Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority were established. Factors behind the formulation: As for as concerned, why these laws have been formulated? There are four factors behind identified by Javed Jabbar in his book Mass Media Laws and Regulations in Pakistan, according to him four factors that determined the nature and the application of laws and regulations to mass media in Pakistan from the date of its independence it would be appropriate to list the legislative material carried over from the second half of 19th century and the first forty six and a half years of twentieth century under British rule as the first of these factors. The second factor was the authoritarian mind-set which shaped the exercise of executive power. In the absence of a directly elected Parliament and with the Constituent Assembly perennially unable to frame a constitution that could satisfy both East Pakistan and the disparate groups in West Pakistan, palace intrigues thrived, myopic self centered interests becoming sharp thorns which pricked and began to hurt the press of the country. Shaped by ownership and control of vast tracts of land and other wealth, accustomed to conventional subservience of the serfs, seeing the upsurge of the pre 1947 freedom movement on mass level as a passing aberration which had to be tolerated and used for its own purposes, the feudal mind-set looked upon the media, particularly and independent press, as a constant irritant and an unacceptable challenge to the supremacy of the ruling class, a status enjoyed by this for several eras under British tutelage. The third determinant factor was the acute sense of uncertainty about the future stability of a country whose survival for not more than a couple of years had been forecast by prominent Indian leaders. Combined with the conflict over Kashmir and the first of the wars with India which occurred in 1948, the new nation faced a geo-political situation rife with security threats. In such conditions, criticism of government actions by Press can easily be seen as giving comfort to the enemy. Without a well-established tradition of engaging in candid exchange and the acceptance of dissenting viewpoints, the atmosphere facilitated a gradual increase in the influence if the military, initially behind the scenes, as a part of the lens with which the state perceived the media. Making up this quartet, was the fourth factor which shaped, policy, laws and actions with regard to the press in the early years of Pakistan. This was the continuing volatility in the political arena. An organization that was more of an emotional mass movement inspired by the idea of an independent homeland for the Muslims, the Muslim League as a political party entrusted with the tasks of leading a vast and uniquely constructed new country into stable statehood proved unable to rise the occasion. Deprived of the towering leadership of Quid-e-Azam in less than a year of independence, the party was unable to quell factionalism and unwilling to transcend provincial and parochial divisions to offer a large and unifying vision. Despite the sincerity and service of some veterans of the freedom movement the political process very quickly began to reveal internal strife, incompetence and corruption. While government controlled radio and censor controlled cinema could not offer a mirror to t he reality of these times, the press was seen as an element that was aggravating the problems already being faced, instead of helping to resolve the complexity of the situation. Introducing New Directions: In terms of fundamental and a direction setting change in mass media laws and norms, perhaps the 104 day tenure of the caretaker government appointed by Presendent Farooq Leghari on 5th November 1996 and headed by Prime Minister Malik Meraj Khalid becomes the most significant phase in the history of Pakistan. The only similar period of significance would be the time in September 1988 when the black law of 1963 was repealed and a new phase of press freedom was ensured. During the most recent experience of a caretaker administration, basic changes were put into place in the laws and conventions, ranging from alterations in nomenclature to ending, once and for all, the 50 year monopoly of the state and government over electronic media. One of the first decisions taken by the government in November 1996 was to change the name of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to the Ministry of Information and Media Development. This amendment has more importance than merely the replacement of one word with other words. The term: broadcasting had come to acquire the propagandistic and one sided dimension by which governments imposed a one way dissemination of messages upon the people because the term: broadcasting in it self reflects a one way function rather than a two way process of dialogue and communication. Secondly with the new developments of media technology which include media that reach specific and small audiences, the concept of narrow casting has become as important as the concept of broadcasting. Thirdly and possibly most importantly, Pakistan is one of lowest levels of access to mass media by the people. For example, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have more Radio sets per 1000people as in Pakistan. The task of increasing levels of access to mass media and in turn facilitating mass media to increase their coverage of the population should become the most vital priorities for the ministry, rather than the outmoded functions of serving as an instrument for production of propaganda. The caretaker government also introduced the refres

Roles of Women During the Renaissance as Seen in Shakespeares Henry IV

Roles of Women During the Renaissance as Seen in Shakespeare's Henry IV      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The plays of Shakespeare can be used as a window upon Renaissance society. However, if one looks through this window and does not leave behind the ideals of a modern society, the view may become distorted and not be as pleasing as it was for Shakespeare's contemporaries. In I Henry IV, the characters of the women are not equally developed as the male characters; but their interaction, or lack thereof, depicts the changing, yet somehow stagnant, roles of women during the English Renaissance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In I Henry IV, the "themes of public and private life are brought together" (Speaight, 163). Elizabethan society was marked by gender seperation, both publicly and privately. Lady Percy does not play an active role outside of Hotspur's private life. To Hotspur, a woman's world was "To play with mammets and to tilt with lips (2. 2. 91), a gentle powerless occupation that did not mix with man's domain of "bloody noses and cracked crowns" (2. 2. 92). Although women writing during this time affirmed that women are "tender foft and beautifull, fo doth her difpofition in minde correfponde accordingly; she is milde, yielding, and and vertuous"(Sowernam, 43), women among the higher social classes began to question their inferiority to men as a result of the new emphasis on education for women. The heightened exposure to Biblical and classical influences among Renaissance women created paradoxical results. "Education was designed to fill specific private functions and responsabilities" (Travitsky, 5). Women were not encouraged to leave their place within the home, but instead were encouraged on the "development of the home as a school of faith" ... ...lewd, froward, and unconstant men, and Husbands. Divided into Two Parts. The first proveth the dignity and worthinesse of Women, out of divine Testimonies. The second shewing the estimation of the Foe-minine Sexe, in ancient and Pagan times: all which is acknowledged by men themselves in their actions. Written by Ester Sowernam, neither Maide,Wife, nor Widdowe, yet really all, and therefore experienced to defend all. London: Printed for Nicholas Bourne, 1617. STC 22974. University Microfilms Reel no 1188. 4. Spaight, Robert. Shakespeare: The Man and his Achievement. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1977. 5. Travitsky, Betty, ed. The Paradise of Women: Writings by Englishwomen of the Renaissance. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1981. 6. Watson, Curtis Brown. Shakespeare and the Renaissance Concept of Honor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960.

Cultural and environmental Issues in Pakistan Essay

Corruption is the prime reason behind the economical unstableness. Corruption has spread into the world and has ruined the economy. Pakistan has been ranked at 42nd number among the most corrupt nations of the world. Unemployment: Unemployment is a major social problem caused by poor economical system. Causes of unemployment are: Lack of funds followed by unorganized system and lack of new projects are causing unemployment worldwide. There are many reasons of unemployment like influx of machinery that has replaced manpower. Health problems: Health is another social problem caused by poor economical conditions. The cost of living is ever increasing and shortage of funds is a usual problem worldwide. There are less hospitals and medical centers and if there are any, the people are unable to afford their and their children health  expenses So the health problems grow unchecked. Child labor: Children who deserve to be educated are forced to do work.  The circulation of money is restrained to rich people only causing the poor to become more poor. In past, some countries refused to import those goods from Pakistan in whose making children were employed. Due to growing inflation (rise) and poverty, parents are bound to send their children to work to light their stoves. Economical problems: 1. Power crises 2. War on terrorism 3. Declining export 4. Tumbling stock-market 5. Lack of tourism 6. Loss in business Power crises are affecting the economy of the world very badly. The power crisis is followed by decline in production and at the end the economy of the countries is affected badly. We are running short of fuel worldwide. All the countries are affected by power crises. War against terrorism is another very important reason behind the economical problem.ï‚ § War is affecting the world’s economy and is causing problems like shortage of fuel, lack of funds, increase in health problem etc. War benefits none, someone is hurt badly and someone is destroyed completely. Lack of power followed by decline in production is the main cause of declining export which is a major economical problem worldwide. In Pakistan, core inflation soared to 18.85% in first quarter of year 2009. The production cannot even fulfill the demands and hue to decline in export and lack of trouble, the world economy is suffering great problems. The stock-market is suffering a decline worldwide. Lack of investment and poor economical condition of the people and government is another cause of decline in stock-market worldwide. In 2009, many times Karachi Stock Exchange has plunged to its lowest point in the history of Pakistan. Lack of tourism is also a cause of the declining in economy. Local as well as foreign media has projected Pakistan as a dangerous and unsafe country. Its poor law and order situation has alarmed the tourist and thus Northern areas no more receive many tourists. The poor  economical system affects the business very badly. Foreign investors are not ready to setup their businesses in Pakistan. More than 70 Multinational Companies have already packed up their business from Pakistan. Government as well as every single citizen has to play its own specific role to b ring about a positive change. Cultural crisis in Pakistan A SUFI saint has defined culture as the fragrance left behind when the incense stick of life has burnt out. And, heritage is valued as the highly prized family silver — a loan from our ancestors to be passed on to future generations. No department of life – be it economic, cultural, religious or recreational – has been free from the effect of this great transformation in progress. The old system of classification and stratification of society as a whole is changing gradually and slowly but surely and certainly. We may go for some little changes. For instance, we may change clothing style. We may change our room setting. We may change our eating stuff. We may do whatever makes us happy. Movement is the stuff and essence of life, both for individual and the society. From the independence day of August 14, 1947 up to date, Pakistan’s has been a society in transition. The society of Pakistan is dynamic and therefore ever-changing, and its patterns are changing transforming from time to time. The national society has been responding to the challenges of environment, natural and man-made. The factors and circumstances responsible for these changes can be enumerated as below; partition of sub-continent, technological and scientific inventions, growth of urbanization and industrialization, expansion of commercial activities and international trade, changes in the economic structure of the country initiating the industrialization of its economy, the spread of literacy resulting in the rise of a secular intelligentsia, the effect of the spread of different ideologies of different political parties in the country, the impact of the highly developed countries of the world on our society, the working and influence of the trade union and co-operative movement, the expansion of the area reached by the mass media of communication like radio, press, cinema, television etc. migration and finally cultural diffusion. Changes are the spice of life. Is it true? Of course YES! It is true because everybody needs a change in whatever he/she is doing. We want changes around us. Monotonous life just makes us feel  bored. It is good to have a change. It is not important that we should go for big changes everyday. We may go for little changes that should be pretty affordable. If we are seeking for a healthy and entertaining life then changes are very important. Changes must be positive. If we will go for negative ones then they will obviously have a negative impact upon our lives. Negative impacts are accountable for some more negative changes so we need to be assiduous in this regard. Pakistan today is undergoing an identity crisis a crisis which the author feels arises from culture conflict. One of the causes of this conflict is that the Pakistani society possesses imported cultures along with its own; varying with the diverse regions. The numerous cultures tend to conflict with one another. This crisis is clearly manifest in the actions of the Pakistani you th –rebellions, and indecisiveness. The struggle for Pakistan was a unique historical experience with few parallels in the annals of history. It transcended ethnic ,linguistic, cultural and regional differences and coalesced into a powerful movement culminating in the creation of an independent homeland for the Muslims of the sub-continent. It even defied the geographic compulsions. In essence, it was an experience of a deep Muslim consciousness which both inspiring and invigorating. However ,Pakistan after its creation was, indeed ,and ethnically plural society. Pakistan, these days is passing through a crucial era of multifarious ethnic problems; multi-lingual and regional; problems etc. The province of the Punjabi has three distinct ethno-linguistic groups i.e. Punjabi ,Potohari and Saraiki speaking .Of late ,there has been a nascent rise of Saraiki consciousness with a demand for a separate Saraiki Province comprising of Saraiki speaking areas . In Baluchistan the Baluch , Brohi and Pakhtoons are dominated ethnoligual groups. The wide spread nationalist consciousness of Balchusitan has cut across the tribal divisions. In the North-Western Province of Pakistan ,apart from Pushtu,Hindku and Saraiki are also spoken in some parts of this province .The Pustoons as an ethnic group are integrating with the economic life of the rest of the country .The issue of Kalabagh Dam has arisen out of the same ethnic issue and provincial disharmony of Pakistan in the province. Though the proposed dam may play the role of key factor in the prosperity of the country and may breath a new life in the agricultural and industrial life of Pakistan .Moreover the  ethnic groups of the province also demand regional and to rename the province as Pakhtoonistan. Similarly the problem of ethnicity in Sindh is very complex. It is a web of discards, clash of interest and the resultant sense deprivation between the different ethnic groups. Overawed bewildered conditions, the inhabitants themselves ,sometime become bewildered and the frequent out –burst of violence creates hysteria among the people which consequences which are damaging for the peace and harmony of the province and also for the nation as a whole. All cultural activities can be perpetuated through private-sector support by providing incentives and tax breaks. Let there be encouragement by the government for partnerships of commerce and culture, for promoting a positive, cultural image of Pakistan. The government needs to do a lot, but it needn’t do it alone — through a strategic plan each Pakistani can be encouraged to become a cultural worker. Pakistan is today at a crossroads due to challenges posed in the post 9/11 world — the world of so-called clash of civilizations — with an increasing polarization between the Muslims and the Western world. The affect of negative images flashed around the world can only be counter-acted through a cultural offensive. To achieve our objective of becoming a favored country for investment, culture will need to be placed at the core of our development policies and propagated with every possible means. It is not only political and diplomatic strategies that will create a better image for our country, but equally the propagation of our cultural agenda that is likely to pay dividends. Let us promote our vision of a cultural Pakistan, Saqafati Pakistan, to provide another window to our country, a world removed from violence and negativism, promoting instead an image of a pluralistic Muslim country, a depository of rare cultural assets, along with historical memories and spiritual orientation of its people. Each public sector organization and private sector, too, can be engaged in promoting our cultural resources, through even simple means of films, posters, images and leaflets: PIA within aeroplanes and national and international offices, Pakistan Railways by utilizing its countrywide stations, Pakistan Post Office through its innumerable outlets, the technological gateways and countless websites, to name a few. Let us not fritter away our family silver and the fragrance of the incense stick, but safeguard them and utilize them for creation of a cultural Pakistan, for not only development and well being  of our people, but also for social and economic advancement of our nation. Environmental issues: Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification. Little attention was paid to pollution .Some are these Related concerns, such as sanitation and potable water, received earlier scrutiny. In 1987 only about 6 percent of rural residents and 51 percent of urban residents had access to sanitary facilities; a Greater success has been achieved in bringing potable water within reach of the people; nearly half the population enjoyed such access by 1990. However, researchers at the Pakistan Medical Research Council, recognizing that a large proportion of diseases in Pakistan are caused by the consumption of polluted water, have been questioning the â€Å"safe† classification in use in the 1990s. Even the 38 percent of the population that receives its water through pipelines runs the risk of consuming seriously contaminated water, although the problem varies by area. In Punjab, for example, as much as 90 percent of drinking water comes from groundwater, as compared with only 9 percent in Sindh. The central government’s Perspective Plan (1988–2003) and previous five-year plans do not mention sustainable development strategies. Further, there have been no overarching policies focused on sustainable development and conservation. The state has focused on achieving self-sufficiency in food production, meeting energy demands, and containing the high rate of population growth, not on curtailing pollution or other environmental hazards. In 1992 Pakistan’s National Conservation Strategy Report attempted to redress the previous inattention to the nation’s mounting environmental problem. Drawing on the expertise of more than 3,000 people from a wide array of political affiliations, the government produced a document outlining the current state of environmental health, its sustainable goals, and viable program options for the future. Of special concern to environmentalists is the diminishing forest cover in watershed regions of the northern highlands, which has only recently come under close scrutiny.

Free Essays on Evolution Of Cars

Throughout the early 1900’s and as early as 1900 it was very common to here about men such as Henry Ford. Men such as Henry Ford were on their way to developing a motorized vehicle (Justin 1). Many early inventors had good ideas but not good products. Inventors were also trying to keep the prices low so the public would be able to afford them. Many such as Gottileb Daimler and Karl Benz struck it big when they produced there first production vehicle (Daimler 1). Little did these men know that they would have multi million dollar automotive and industrial companies named after them making everything from automobiles to air craft engines. Ford motor company has been making cars for the public since 1903. During the early to mid 1900’s Henry Ford was trying to build a vehicle that could be bought by an everyday worker. An average worker for this time only made $500 a year. In 1906 Ford introduced the Model N which sold for $600. With the price being so high not many people could afford them (Justin 2). Trying to improve the price he introduced the Model T. The model t sold for $500. Ford was able to keep the price down because every car used the same parts and they were put together by many people on an assembly line. The Model T was one of the first cars to be built in mass production (Justin 3). The Model T became one of the most popular cars of its time. It was not the cheapest but it was one of the most reliable. But suddenly, in 1925, sales of the Model T began to decline. Despite the added improvements over the years, the Model T was not keeping up with the competition. Much more expensive ca rs were doing better in sales then it. These cars had new features like a self-starter that started with a turn of a key and removable tires. The model T had none of this (Justin 3). Finally, on may 25, 1927, the Ford Motor Company made a formal announcement that it would build a new car and drop the Model T from produc... Free Essays on Evolution Of Cars Free Essays on Evolution Of Cars Throughout the early 1900’s and as early as 1900 it was very common to here about men such as Henry Ford. Men such as Henry Ford were on their way to developing a motorized vehicle (Justin 1). Many early inventors had good ideas but not good products. Inventors were also trying to keep the prices low so the public would be able to afford them. Many such as Gottileb Daimler and Karl Benz struck it big when they produced there first production vehicle (Daimler 1). Little did these men know that they would have multi million dollar automotive and industrial companies named after them making everything from automobiles to air craft engines. Ford motor company has been making cars for the public since 1903. During the early to mid 1900’s Henry Ford was trying to build a vehicle that could be bought by an everyday worker. An average worker for this time only made $500 a year. In 1906 Ford introduced the Model N which sold for $600. With the price being so high not many people could afford them (Justin 2). Trying to improve the price he introduced the Model T. The model t sold for $500. Ford was able to keep the price down because every car used the same parts and they were put together by many people on an assembly line. The Model T was one of the first cars to be built in mass production (Justin 3). The Model T became one of the most popular cars of its time. It was not the cheapest but it was one of the most reliable. But suddenly, in 1925, sales of the Model T began to decline. Despite the added improvements over the years, the Model T was not keeping up with the competition. Much more expensive ca rs were doing better in sales then it. These cars had new features like a self-starter that started with a turn of a key and removable tires. The model T had none of this (Justin 3). Finally, on may 25, 1927, the Ford Motor Company made a formal announcement that it would build a new car and drop the Model T from produc...

Free Essays on WalMart Are They Socially Responsible

Is Wal-Mart a socially responsible corporation? Discuss using Hall’s article as your starting point and the different views of corporate responsibility presented in class. (This essay should argue to a definitive conclusion). Is Wal-Mart a socially responsible corporation? This essay will seek to answer that question. Firstly there will be an overview of what exactly Wal-Mart is, their size and profit. Moving onto what conditions have lead to this question being posed with insights from various authors such as Nelson Lichtenstein and the ways in which Wal-Mart have retorted. Two main theories of corporate responsibility will be put forth; the stockholder or narrow view presented by Friedman and the stakeholder or wider view presented by Freeman and Evans. It will be established which of these views is socially better and Wal-Mart’s current situation will be looked at against the appropriate criteria. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer and the largest company in the world based on revenue. It was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and has grown to become one of the most successful and well known companies the world over. In the last financial year Wal-Mart had $256.3 billion in sales and net income of $8.9 billion. Forbes magazine points out that if Wal-Mart were its own economy, it would rank 30th in the world, with a GDP right behind Saudi Arabia and bigger than that of Switzerland, Sweden or Turkey. It's the largest private employer in the United States, in Mexico and in Canada, employing more than 1.5 million people world wide. It seems that Wal-Mart is an economy of its own with profound implications for its customers, workers and the communities where it operates. Wal-Mart contributes $US750 million to taxes in California alone and spends about $US4.2 billion a year nationally on employee benefits. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart) Nelson Lichtenstein (2005), a strong unionist, believes that the size of Wal-Mart means ... Free Essays on WalMart Are They Socially Responsible Free Essays on WalMart Are They Socially Responsible Is Wal-Mart a socially responsible corporation? Discuss using Hall’s article as your starting point and the different views of corporate responsibility presented in class. (This essay should argue to a definitive conclusion). Is Wal-Mart a socially responsible corporation? This essay will seek to answer that question. Firstly there will be an overview of what exactly Wal-Mart is, their size and profit. Moving onto what conditions have lead to this question being posed with insights from various authors such as Nelson Lichtenstein and the ways in which Wal-Mart have retorted. Two main theories of corporate responsibility will be put forth; the stockholder or narrow view presented by Friedman and the stakeholder or wider view presented by Freeman and Evans. It will be established which of these views is socially better and Wal-Mart’s current situation will be looked at against the appropriate criteria. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer and the largest company in the world based on revenue. It was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and has grown to become one of the most successful and well known companies the world over. In the last financial year Wal-Mart had $256.3 billion in sales and net income of $8.9 billion. Forbes magazine points out that if Wal-Mart were its own economy, it would rank 30th in the world, with a GDP right behind Saudi Arabia and bigger than that of Switzerland, Sweden or Turkey. It's the largest private employer in the United States, in Mexico and in Canada, employing more than 1.5 million people world wide. It seems that Wal-Mart is an economy of its own with profound implications for its customers, workers and the communities where it operates. Wal-Mart contributes $US750 million to taxes in California alone and spends about $US4.2 billion a year nationally on employee benefits. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart) Nelson Lichtenstein (2005), a strong unionist, believes that the size of Wal-Mart means ...

U5 Research Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U5 Research Project - Coursework Example The GPO corresponds to active directory containers. The GPO defines  registry based polices, security options, software installation and maintenance options, scripts options, and folder redirection options. It provides the facilities to maintain access barriers to different configurations of users and windows (Technet.microsoft.com, 2015). Windows policy editor is a tool that enables a user to edit group policies and is also a helpful learning tool. There are various differences between encrypting file system (EFS) and BitLocker drive encryption. Both services are used to encrypt your files. EFS is more specific than BitLocker. EFS is commonly used to encrypt particular files or folders in a drive whereas, BitLocker encrypts the whole drive; system drives, fixed drives and removable drives (windows.microsoft.com, 2015). BitLocker is independent of user accounts it is either on or off for all drives but EFS provides the individual rights to users (windows.microsoft.com, 2015). Moreover, BitLocker needs administrator rights. On other hand, EFS does not require administrator privileges in order to be used (windows.microsoft.com, 2015). BitLocker also uses a special microchip, trusted platform module (TPM) that underpins the advance security to your operating system. windows.microsoft.com,. (2015).  Whats the difference between BitLocker Drive Encryption and Encrypting File System?. Retrieved 5 January 2015, from